This study aimed to assess the redox status and trace metal levels in 49 shoe industry workers (11 men and 38 women) occupationally
exposed to a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which includes aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones,
esters, ethers, and carboxylic acids. All measured VOCs were below the permitted occupational exposure limits. The control group included
50 unexposed participants (25 men and 25 women). The following plasma parameters were analysed: superoxide anion (O2
•-), advanced
oxidation protein products (AOPP), total oxidative status (TOS), prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), oxidative stress index (OSI),
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) enzyme activity, total SH group content (SHG), and total antioxidant status
(TAS). Trace metal levels (copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, and manganese) were analysed in whole blood. All oxidative stress and antioxidative
defence parameters were higher in the exposed workers than controls, except for PON1 activity. Higher Fe, Mg, and Zn, and lower Cu
were observed in the exposed vs control men, while the exposed women had higher Fe and lower Mg, Zn, and Cu than their controls.
Our findings confirm that combined exposure to a mixture of VOCs, even at permitted levels, may result in additive or synergistic adverse
health effects and related disorders. This raises concern about current risk assessments, which mainly rely on the effects of individual
chemicals, and calls for risk assessment approaches that can explain combined exposure to multiple chemicals.
