Recent advances in biomaterials, immunomodulation, stem cell therapy, and biofabrication
are reshaping maxillofacial surgery, shifting reconstruction paradigms toward biologically
integrated and patient-specific tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current and emerging strategies for bone and soft-tissue regeneration
in the craniofacial region, with particular emphasis on bioactive ceramics, biodegradable
polymers, hybrid composites, and stimuli-responsive smart materials. We further examine translational technologies such as extracellular vesicles, decellularized extracellular
matrices, organoids, and 3D bioprinting, highlighting key challenges such as bioink standardization, perfusion limitations, and regulatory classification. Maxillofacial surgery is
positioned for a paradigm shift toward personalized, biologically active, and clinically
scalable regenerative solutions.
